MYCORRHIZA AND ENDOMYCORRHIZAE
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of most plants. The term "mycorrhiza" literally means "fungus root" and refers to the mutually beneficial relationship formed between the two partners. There are different types of mycorrhizae, with the two main types being endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae.
Endomycorrhizae (also known as arbuscular mycorrhizae or AM): These mycorrhizae are formed by fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root cells of the host plant, forming specialized structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The arbuscules provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange between the fungus and the plant, while vesicles serve as storage organs for nutrients.
Endomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizae and are found in the majority of plant species, including many agricultural crops. They have a wide range of benefits for plants, including enhanced nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus), improved water absorption, and increased resistance to certain diseases.
Ectomycorrhizae: These mycorrhizae are formed by fungi belonging to various taxonomic groups, such as Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Unlike endomycorrhizae, the fungal hyphae of ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate the root cells but rather form a sheath around the root tips and extend into the surrounding soil. This forms a dense network of fungal hyphae, known as the Hartig net, which increases the surface area for nutrient exchange.
Ectomycorrhizae are commonly found in tree species, especially conifers and some hardwoods. They play a crucial role in the nutrient uptake of trees, particularly in environments with nutrient-poor soils. Ectomycorrhizae can enhance the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and micronutrients, as well as provide other benefits such as improved resistance to pathogens and environmental stresses.
Both endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae contribute significantly to plant growth and ecosystem functioning. They facilitate the transfer of nutrients from the soil to the plant, particularly in nutrient-limited conditions. Additionally, mycorrhizal associations can improve soil structure, promote soil aggregation, and enhance overall soil fertility.
It's important to note that mycorrhizal associations are highly specific, with different fungal species forming associations with specific plant hosts. These symbiotic relationships have evolved over millions of years and have become essential components of terrestrial ecosystems.
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